With a double regulation system, kaplan turbines provide high efficiency over a broad range of configurations. S type kaplan turbine chongqing hydropower equipment co. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Kaplan turbine has propeller like blades but works just reverse. At ge renewable energy, we believe that smaller and quicker hydropower plants pave the way to a faster energy transition for all. It was designed by american scientist james francis. Efficiency of kaplan turbine is higher than francis turbine. Kaplan turbine is now widely used throughout the world for highflow, low head power production. Hydraulic turbines are machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
Pump is a device which is used to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. It was invented by lester allan pelton in the 1870s. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. Instead of displacing the water axially using shaft power and creating axial thrust, the axial force of water acts on the blades of kaplan turbine and generating shaft power. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan. Solve numerical problems for a pelton wheels and a francis turbine. It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.
Kaplan turbines francis turbine construct blade vector diagrams for moving vanes for a pelton wheels and a francis turbine deduce formulae for power and efficiency for turbines. Difference between francis and kaplan turbine pdf 23. Losses in francis turbines npsh main dimensions francis turbines. Turbines are used in boat propulsion systems, hydroelectric power generators, and jet aircraft engines. The turbine efficiency curve calculation is based on rated head design gross head less.
Water enters the runner and flows towards the centre of wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine. Kaplan turbine is employed, where a large quantity of water is available. View francis turbine ppts online, safely and virusfree. Proto type tests or model tests to determine turbine performance characteristics are discussed with special. Hydraulic turbines fundamental operating parameters classification impulse turbines pelton turbines reaction turbines radial flow. Our kaplan turbines also keep the environment in mind. Evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine wikipedia. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working. Francis 125 65 propeller fixed blade turbine 110 90 kaplan adjustable blade propeller turbine 125 65 weighted average head is the net head determined from reservoir operation calculations which will produce the same amount of energy in kilowatthours. Both turbines produced power due to both kinetic energy and pressure energy. Pdf hydroelectricity is one of the most suitable, efficient and nature friendly conventional source of energy. The invention of kaplan turbine is evolution in the field of hydraulic turbines or we can say that it is the upgrade version of francis turbine. Another purpose of the lab is to check turbine scaling laws.
Jun 08, 2018 in both the cases hydraulic energy of water gets converted into useful power output. First, a theoretical design was performed for determining the main characteristics where it showed an efficiency of 94%. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60. The working procedure, main components and its application is discussed in this article. Review of existing knowledge on the effectiveness and economics of fish friendly turbines. Introduction a water turbine is a device for converting water fluid power into. Most of the turbines developed earlier were suitable for large heads of water. From the beginning, francis turbine development has always been synonymous with voith. The kaplan turbine design has improved significantly since that time. Hydraulic turbines and hydroelectric power plants 1.
Kaplan turbine is designed for low water head applications. In 1870 professor fink introduced an important improvement in francis turbine byygg gp g making the guide vanes turning on a pivot in order to regulate the flow discharge. One of the key characteristics of the francis turbine is the fact that water changes direction as it passes through the turbine. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. General differences between francis and kaplan turbines. Efficiency as a function of head and flow are summarized on a hill curve similar to the one shown above for francis turbine operating limits are imposed by cavitation limits, maximum power and pressure surges. Following are the differences between pelton wheel, francis and kaplan turbine. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Fig 2 typical flow rate for various type of turbine with respect to net head16. Kaplan turbine it is an axial flow reaction turbine. The kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine.
Hydropower turbines are in two types as impulse and reaction where kaplan turbine is a reaction type which was invented in 19. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. It is an inwardflow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. On the other hand francis and kaplan turbines are reacti. Francis and kaplan turbines notes for civil engineering. Turbine selection criteria for small hydropower development. This modern turbine is characterized by high efficiency in a broad band of flow rates. The flow enters the turbine in a radial direction, flowing towards its axis, but after striking and interacting with the turbine blades it. Alternatively, the more expensive kaplan turbine has variablepitch blades which can be altered to give much better partload efficiency, perhaps 90% at one third of full rated output. Very simple kaplan turbine design durham university. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine where static pressure head of water is converted into mechanical energy. The rated head and discharge for the turbine were 48 m and 7. It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. Kaplan turbines can operate under a wide range of head conditions, but francis turbine requires relatively higher head conditions.
In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. This operates in an entirely closed conduit to tailrace. Set the brake at some level and measure the brake load using. In modern francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction at the outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner.
Kaplan turbine is used for high flow rates and low lows. Jan 01, 2020 francis and kaplan turbines francis turbine. The pelton, francis and kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy that rotates the shaft to produce electric energy. According to their construction, working and operating conditions following are the major. This short note indicates how a preliminary design of an axail. As a first in japan, two splitterbladefitted runners were installed in the francis turbines at the ontake power station of the kansai. It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved from the francis turbine. Francis turbine is a mixed hydraulic turbine the inlet velocity has radial and tangential components while the kaplan turbine is an axial hydraulic turbine the inlet velocity has only axial velocity component. The hydraulic turbines can be classified based on type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the vanes, head available at the inlet, discharge through the vanes and specific speed. What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. Pelton wheel the pelton wheel is an impulse type water turbine. It consists of spiral casing, guide mechanism and draft tube of kaplan turbine runner are similar to those of francis turbine.
Turbines are sometimes differentiated on the basis of the type of inlet flow, whether the inlet velocity is in axial direction, radial direction or a combination of both. Kaplan turbine has lesser friction loss and higher efficiency. Capitalizing on our hydropower expertise, we offer standard small hydropower solutions from 5mw unit output that best fit your needs. Turbine type of energy head discharge direction of flow specific name type speed pelton. It is capable of working at low head and high flow rates very efficiently which is impossible with francis turbine. Francis turbine had some limitations which were overcome by kaplan turbine. With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. If the machine transforms mechanical energy into hydraulic energy it is called a pump. Review of existing knowledge on the effectiveness and.
This type of turbine is located in the old lowhead installations less than10 m where they are generally in water chamber, ie without scrollcase. Guide on how to develop a small hydropower plant esha 2004 photo 6. In 1890 american engineer pelton developed impulse turbine, named pelton turbine. Kaplan turbine is more compact in crosssection and has lower rotational speed to that of francis turbine. With decades of continuous optimization based on the latest hydrodynamic research, well over half the turbines manufactured by voith hydro are of the francis type. Francis turbine, pelton turbine, kaplan tubular turbine. Kaplan turbine hoover dam 520ft head 158m average 2,080 mw 2. Practical application of highperformance francisturbine. Kaplan hydro turbine is axial overpressure water turbine, which has a radial inflow, outflow, however axial. Stype tubular turbine is available in versions of horizontal kaplan, semikaplan and propeller, also called stype horizontal kaplan, stype semikaplan and stype propeller. Our francis turbines, including the worlds largest and most powerful. Here hydraulic energy refers to potential and kinetic energy of a liquid hydraulic pumps are the energyabsorbing machines. Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare.
B francis an american engineer who in beginning designed inward radial flow reaction turbine. In order to carry out a preliminary blade analysis consider a mean radius through the machine. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. The francis turbine is a mixedflow radial turbine and is used for medium heads in the range from 5 to 400 m. Oct 30, 2016 on this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics.
The cfd approach for prediction of efficiency of a 3 mw capacity horizontal axis francis turbine is presented. Francis in 1849 developed the radial turbine, named francis turbine. The efficiency of a turbine is highly influenced by its runner wheel and this work aims to study the design of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. Design and analysis of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as francis turbine, after the name of j.
Overview of a typical powerhouse the powerhouse can also be at the base of an existing dam, where the water arrives via an existing. Its invention allowed efficient power production in the low head application that was not possible with francis turbine. Water exiting turbine will have significant velocity want to recover velocity head before exiting downstream to minimize losses draft tube slows water gradually draft tubes for nepalese francis turbine draft tube installation. The vertical configuration of the kaplan turbine allows for larger runner diameters above 10 m and increased unit power, as compared to bulb turbines. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of hydraulic turbines. The type of turbine is entered by the user based on its suitability to the available head and flow conditions. Turbine type head range in meters kaplan and prope ller 1 francis 25 and flow ranges. On this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics. Introduction to francis turbine diagram, working principle the francis turbine is mixed flow reaction turbine. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. In the modern francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction and leaves in the. In this lesson, i will discuss the parts, working, efficiency, advantages, disadvantages of a francis turbine, and also give you the pdf.
The computational model consists of spiral casing, 18 numbers of stay vanes and guide vanes, runner having numbers of blades and a draft tube. Turbines kaplan francis the kaplan turbine was invented in the czech republic by victor kaplan in 1912 1914. Modelling and analysis of a very low head kaplan turbine. Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare the. Increase area of water exit, increase whirling action, suit for. Kaplan turbine is smaller and compact compared to francis turbine. Before talking about the differences lets see some similarities 1. Refurbishment and runner replacement for 6 x 255 mw francis turbines, operating head of. In the turbine the fluid flows from the pressure penstock into the turbine machine and first flows through a. Pressure distribution and torque pressure side suction side 0,24 l cord length, l single profile cascade the pressure at the outlet is lower for a cascade than. Hence, these are the parameter changes that has to be incorporated in converting a francis turbine to kaplan turbine. Francis turbine cfd this study shows a fully automated workflow of performing a complex cfd analysis of a francis turbine using tcfd see also francis turbine benchmark tcfd main page download this tutorial francis results report. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate.
Andritz hydro provides a wide variety of different turbine types from pelton turbines for high head applications and large output over francis turbines for the medium net head range and large output up to 800 mw per unit to kaplan turbines for low head operation with small unit output. Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as francis turbine. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. The wheel is immersed and operates both the water velocity kinetic energy, that a pressure difference. The rotation speed rpm is higher than that of the francis turbine.
Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. Note that this analysis is approximate and is useful for a. Nov 05, 2010 hydraulic turbines difference between impulse and reaction hydraulic turbines. Hydraulic turbines pdf introduction, classification, impulse and reaction turbine, layout of hydroelectric power plant. Like kaplan turbine, the francis is a reaction machine. Pelton turbine was developed by lester allan pelton in the year 1870.
This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. Three most popular turbines are pelton wheel pelton turbine kaplan turbine propeller turbine francis turbine 5. Practical application of highperformance francis turbine runner fitted with splitter blades at ontake and shinkurobegawa no. This watertight bulb is submerged inside the water and bends at inlet to casing, draft tube etc. Examples losses in francis turbines npsh main dimensions. Small hydropower solutions turbines and generators ge.
Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. Mavels kaplan turbines involve design modifications such as a vertical scroll case turbine, bulb turbine, pit turbine, s turbine and z saxo turbine. Jul 23, 20 what is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan turbine. In the turbine machinery the energy conversion is indirect and always takes place through the change of kinetic energy of the fluid. Introduction a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The main purpose of this lab is to measure the power output of a francis turbine and to compare this to the theoretical power output. Difference between pelton, francis and kaplan turbines.
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